Phoenix reclinata
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 Southern Califonia. Photo by Geoff Stein | ||||||||
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Contents
Habitat and distribution
Angola, Benin, Bermuda, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Provinces,
These palms are native to tropical Africa, Madagascar, and the Comoro Islands, where they are found from sea level to 3000 m, in rain forest clearings, monsoonal forests and rocky mountainsides. They are commonly cultivated in many countries with temperate weather where they freely hybridize with other cultivated Phoenix species.
This tree is native to the semi-arid plains of Senegal, a country in the northeastern part of sub-Saharan Africa. It is now frequently encountered in warm region landscapes everywhere. (floridata.com)
Description
This beautiful and unusual palm grows in huge clumps that can make a striking statement in the landscape. The Senegal date palm is variable in shape and form but tends to grow as clumps composed of multiple stems reaching 25 ft (7.6m) to 50 ft (15 m) in height. These slender stems are covered with brown fiber and tend to curve away from the center of the clump in graceful arcs. They are topped by crowns of dark green to yellow green pinnate (feather shaped) fronds. The leaves are up to 8-15 ft (2.4-4.5 m) long and about 3 ft (0.9 m) wide and recurve attractively toward the ground. The leaf stem is armored with vicious needles near the trunk. Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. Both are borne on 3 ft (0.9 m) branched inflorescences. The fruit, called a date, follows the female flower. It is similar to the dates we buy in the store but is smaller and has less flesh and is mostly seed - they also don't taste very good although they are edible. (floridata.com)
| Detailed Scientific Description |
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P. reclinata is a dioecious clustering palm, producing multiple stems from 7.5 to 15 m (22 to 45 feet) in height and 30 cm (12") in width. Leaves are pinnate with a prounced sideways curve, growing 2.5 to 4.5 m 7.5 to 14 feet) in length and 75 cm (30") in width. Leaf color is bright to deep green on 30 cm (12") petioles with long, sharp spines at the base, with 20 to 40 leaves per crown. This species grows edible, oblong fruit, orange in color (when ripe), at 2.5 cm (1") in diameter. While able to tolerate some drought, they are not as drought-tolerant as some of their co-generic cousins, including P. canariensis or dactylifera. They are also tolerant of moderate salt-spray. Clustering palm, often thicket-forming. Stem 10 (12) m, erect or oblique, without leaf sheaths to 20 cm in diam., dull brown, with persistent leaf sheaths 1 - 2 m below crown, otherwise becoming smooth, irregularly marked with oblique internode scars, cracked vertically; injured stem exuding clear yellowish gum. Leaves arcuate, about 2 - 3.5 m long; leaf sheath fibrous, reddish-brown; pseudopetiole rounded abaxially, smooth, often channelled adaxially, to 50 cm long; acanthophylls irregularly arranged, often congested proximally, about 10 - 15 on each side of rachis, 3 - 9 cm long; leaflets regularly arranged distally in one plane of orientation but median and proximal leaflets in fascicles of 3 - 5 and often fanned, about 80 - 130 on each side of rachis, 28 - 45 x 2.2- 3.6 cm; leaflet margin minutely crenulate; lamina concolorous, abaxial surface with white scurfy ramenta in midrib region. Staminate inflorescence erect; prophyll green-yellow in bud, strongly 2-keeled, coriaceous, splitting 1 or 2 times between margins, 40 - 60 x 5 - 6 cm; peduncle 10 - 30 x 1.3 cm, not greatly elongating beyond prophyll; rachis 17 - 30 cm; rachillae congestedly arranged in a narrow bush, numerous, 6 - 20 cm long. Staminate flowers creamy-white; calyx cupule 1 mm high; petals with apex acute-acuminate in shape and with jagged margins, 3 (rarely 4), 6 - 7 x 2 - 3 mm. Pistillate inflorescence erect, arching with weight of fruits; prophyll as for staminate inflorescence; peduncle green-yellow turning orange-brown, becoming pendulous on fruit maturity, to 60 - 1.5 cm; rachillae spirally arranged often in irregular horizontal whorls, about 19 - 40 in number, to 6 - 55 cm long. Pistillate flowers usually only one carpel reaching maturity, 3 - 4 mm high. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid or almost obovoid, ripening yellow to bright orange, 13 - 20 x 7 - 13 mm; mesocarp sweet, scarcely fleshy, about 1 - 2 mm thick. Seed obovoid, with rounded apices, 12 - 14 x 5 - 6 mm; embryo lateral opposite raphe; endosperm homogeneous. (S.C. Barrow. 1998)/Palmweb. Editing by edric. The vegetative polymorphism of P. reclinata, which perhaps relates to ecological variation, has led to recognition of certain extreme phenotypes as distinct species or varieties (e.g., Chevalier 1952). This variation is such that delimitation of infraspecific taxa cannot be upheld by discrete characters. (S.C. Barrow. 1998)/Palmweb. |
Culture
Light: Prefers bright, sunny locations.
Moisture: Drought tolerant. But looks more attractive and grows faster if periodically watered.
Hardiness: USDA Zones 9a. Can handle temperatures to around 25º F (-3.9º C) if not colder.
Propagation: By seed, and by division of clumps, but by division of clumps is a real chore. (floridata.com)
Comments and Curiosities
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Etymology: Phoenix reclinata or Senegal Date Palm is a palm species; the name is from Latin for "reclining". Uses: All parts of P. reclinata palms are used for a range of purposes. Trunks are used as beams and poles in construction. Whole leaves are used as door entrances and covers, or fans for stoking fires and repelling insects. The leaf rachis is used for making thatch, floor mats and fish traps. It also forms a component of wattle for the construction of mud houses. Leaflets from sucker shoots are harvested for making baskets, hats, brushes, building ties, woven dolls and ornaments. The fruits are eaten as a snack and the seeds can be dried and ground into flour (Sierra Leone, Deighton 2397, K!). The palm heart is occasionally eaten as a vegetable. The sap is fermented into an alcoholic beverage and has been recorded as a remedy against urinary infections [Lake Prov., Tanner 5845 (K!)]. For a detailed study of the uses of P. reclinata in Tanzania see Kinnaird (1992). (S.C. Barrow. 1998)/Palmweb. Use this tree as a dramatic specimen plant for large yards, parks, campuses and other spacious areas. The Senegal palm is particularly impressive displayed against large structures as backdrops where its gracefully curving stems are best appreciated. Makes a great potted specimen for the patio when young. This durable palm also thrives in large containers and other confined areas in urban landscapes. (floridata.com) The Senegal date is inexpensive and easy to find at nurseries and discount stores in the Zones where it is hardy. Compared to other palms this date is a relatively fast grower. Very dramatic effects can be obtained at night by spot lighting the slender trunks and feathery crowns. The Senegal Date palm is salt resistant, it can be used at the beach if set back and somewhat protected. (floridata.com) Without pruning the tree tends to grow into a tangled mass of stems and leaves (as shown in the picture below). A more attractive specimen can be obtained by removing many of the suckers and trimming away the lower fronds so that the gracefully curving stems can be enjoyed. The Senegal date palm readily hybridizes with the many other species of Phoenix that are found in the landscape. Some of the hybrids have naturally open aspect with fewer suckers - these make the nicest specimens. Other individuals grow in tight masses of stems, foliage and long sharp spines - these make great barrier plants for creating impenetrable hedges. (floridata.com) Common Name: KENYA. mkindu (Swahili), gonyoorriya (Boni), meti (Digo), gedo (Ilwana), makindu (Kikuyu), sosiyot (Kipsigis), othith (Luo), ol-tukai (Maasai), konchor (Orma), itikindu (Sanya), alol (Somali), mhongana (Taveta), kigangatehi (Taita), nakadoki (Turkana), [Beentje (1994)]; mangatche [Kilimanjaro Distr., Greenway 3037 (K!)]. MADAGASCAR. Dara, taratra, taratsy, [Jumelle & Perrier (1913, 1945) ]; calalou, [Morondava, Greve 154 (P!) ]. NIGERIA. Kajinjiri, dabino biri (Hausa), [Northern Prov., Zaria, Conservator ofForests s.n. (K!)]; deli (Fulani), kabba (Hausa), [Mambila Plateau, Hepper 1705 (K!)]. RWANDA. Umukindo, [Troupin (1987)]. SIERRA LEONE. Shaka-Le (Sherbro), kundi (Mende), [Bonthe Is., Deighton 2397 (K!)]. SOUTrH AFRICA. Dikindu, makindu (Mbukushu), makerewa, shikerewa (Diriko), [Okavanga, De Winter & Wiss 4800 (K!)]. TANZANIA. Daro, taratra, mkindwi (Swahili), [Lamu Distr., Dransfield 4799 (K!)]; Luchingu (Fipa), [Mbugwe, Bullock 3074 (K!)]; kihangaga (Urukindu), [Lake Prov., Tanner 5845 (K!)]. UGANDA. Itchi (Madi), lukindu (Luganda, Lunyoro), musansa (Luganda, Busoga dialect), [Eggeling (1940)]; Wild Date Palm, enkinu (Luamba), emusogot (Ateso), ekingol (Karamojong), lukindu, mukindu (Luganda, Lunyoro, Lutoro), makendu (Lugisu), muyiti (Lugwe), otit (Luo. Acholi and Lango dialects), tit (Luo, Lango and Jonam dialects), itchi (Madi), kikindu (Lunyuli), lusansa (Lusoga), [Hamilton (1981)]. (S.C. Barrow. 1998)/Palmweb. "I have never seen a "true" phoenix reclinata in cultivation, or at least the same kind of phoenix species as in the habitat. In their habitat in northern South Africa, they tend to have very dark lightly fiberous stems around 5 to 6 inches in diameter and very dark green leaves, and never higher than 20 feet, and in the North, like in Malawi they tend to have stems up to a foot thick and lighter leaves and growing up to 40 feet tall." (Kyle Wicomb) "This palm is one of the more highly sought after specimen palms used in landscaping throughout California, Texas, Arizona, Florida etc... it makes a very tropical looking clump of tall, feather-leaved palms that are somewhat reminiscent of a group of coconut palms (which, unfortunately, don't grow in most of those places). It is cold hardy down to about 22F, and colder temps can sometimes burn it to the ground, only to have suckers come back the following spring. Here in So Cal cold never touches this palm and it is very commonly planted. However large specimens cost up to 10s of thousands of dollars and require a crane and many assistants to move about. They are also spiny palms, each leaf base starting with viciously narrow, strong barbs, that turn into leaves farther from the base. It suckers so profusely that it is constant need of pruning or else you end up with a dense, impenitrable mass of leaves, trunks and spines. The dates, unfortunately, are not edible (to us... squirrels like them). Like all Phoenix palms, this one hybridizes readily, and many hybirds are growing all over California and Florida. The problem is actually to keep them from hybirdizing- there is no guarantee when you get one from a nursery it will be a non-hybrid." (Geoff Stein} This striking palm creates an interesting silhouette with its multiple, gracefully curved, often reclining, slender brown trunks, and dense crowns of stiff but feathery leaf fronds. Old frond bases are medium brown and remain on the trunk forming a showy trunk which is attractive all year long. A mature specimen of Senegal Date Palm can reach 35 feet in height with a 12 to 20-foot-spread and creates a striking tree which casts a light shade. The palm is elegant when lit from below at night. It is best used as an accent for large landscapes and parks. The somewhat showy flower stalks, often lost within the thick foliage, are followed by one-inch-long, bright orange dates which are incredibly showy. These can be very attractive, particularly when viewed from a balcony above the tree. (edis.ifas.ufl.edu) This tree is native to the semi-arid plains of Senegal, a country in the northeastern part of sub-Saharan Africa. It is now frequently encountered in warm region landscapes everywhere. (floridata.com) Phoenix palms have a terrible but well-deserved reputation for infidelity.. Grow them with any other Phoenix species and before you know it, what have you got? That's right, hybrid seeds. They may look the same, feel the same, even taste the same, but they will produce hybrid plants that may possibly have the WORST characteristics of both parents (you know, his hair and her nose?). Species that in nature are separated by thousands of miles, mountain ranges, or even oceans are planted within shouting (or at least pollen-blowing) distance from each other, therefore fairly encouraging hybridization. Since many seed collectors do their collecting in areas no more dangerous than the local botanic garden, its very easy for these hybrid seeds to find their way on to the market. They, in turn, go on to produce further hybrids, ultimately undoing what nature took millions of years to set up. Forgive the lecture, we just want to emphasize the importance of WILD-collected seeds, especially those of Phoenix. These P. reclinata, which we are pleased to offer, were collected from wild stands in South Africa at their southernmost distribution and are guaranteed pure. Can other seed dealers put their hands on their hearts and make the same promise? P. reclinata produces a large cluster of tall, slender trunks and a dense crown of elegantly arching leaves. It is a very robust plant and will succeed in tropical to warm temperate climates and withstand moderate frosts. (RPS.com) |
- IMAGE GALLERY
P. reclinata cluster on Bayshore, Blvd. Tampa, Fl.
Ripening fruit. The fruit form in pendent clusters. Photo by Mmcknight4
Miami FL. Photo by Ryan D. Gallivan
Menton, French Côte d'Azur, France. Photo by Philippe
Disney. California. Photo by Philippe
Southern Califonia. Photo by Geoff Stein
Southern Califonia. Photo by Geoff Stein
Southern Califonia. Photo by Geoff Stein
Pasadena, CA. Huntington Gardens. Photo by Geoff Stein
Pasadena, CA. Huntington Gardens. Photo by Geoff Stein
Pasadena, CA. Huntington Gardens. Photo by Geoff Stein
P. reclinata x p. silvestris cross. Southern Califonia. Photo by Geoff Stein
"base of older palm showing how it mounds up over time- southern California" Photo by Geoff Stein
"Phoenix Reclinata in its habitat in Mvuu Malawai." Photo by Kyle Wicomb
"Phoenix reclinata growing in Krugar NP in habitat. This one is pure and looks a little different." Photo by Kyle Wicomb
"Phoenix reclinata at Chileka airport in Malawi. (Central Africa)" Photo by Kyle Wicomb
Balboa Park San Diego, California. Photo by Kyle Wicomb
Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, Califonia. Photo by Geoff Stein
"A clump that had to be thinned, showing aggressive new growth, southern California." Photo by Geoff Stein
Balboa Park San Diego, California. Photo by Geoff Stein
Balboa Park San Diego, California. Photo by Geoff Stein
"P.reclinata in Lal Bagh Gardens, Banglore,India." Photo by Kris Achar
"P.reclinata in Lal Bagh Gardens, Banglore,India." Photo by Kris Achar
"P.reclinata in Lal Bagh Gardens, Banglore,India." Photo by Kris Achar
"P.reclinata in Lal Bagh Gardens, Banglore,India." Photo by Kris Achar
Fasciculated Leaflet Arrangement. Photo-Kew
Staminate flowers. W. Usambara, Tanzania. Photo by Dr. John Dransfield, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Tanzania. Photo by Dr. A. Paton, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Tanzania. Photo by Dr. A. Paton, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Tanzania. Photo by Dr. P. Wilkin, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Tanzania. Photo by Dr. P. Wilkin, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Tanzania. Photo by Dr. A. Paton, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Tanzania. Photo by Dr. P. Wilkin, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Phoenix reclinata (left) and Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (right), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Tanzania. Photo by Dr. A. Paton, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Tanzania. Photo by Dr. A. Paton, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
Albert Park, central Auckland, New Zealand. Photo by Kahuroa
Male inflorescence of Phoenix reclinata, acanthophylls (not true spines, but modified leaflets) in foreground, pollinator present, white scales on rachis above. Photo by Mmcknight4
Photo by Dr. H.C.D. De Wit.
Photo by Dr. H.C.D. De Wit.
Photo: orlandoplantsandtrees.com
Photo: onlineplantguide.com
Ngare Ndare River, Kenya. Photo by Jeff Nugent, Permaculture Plants.
Photo: calflora.net
Photo: public.asu.edu
Photo: public.asu.edu
Photo: Jungle Music Palms & Cycads.com
Photo: Jungle Music Palms & Cycads.com
Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL. Photo: idtools.org
Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL. Photo: idtools.org
Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL. Photo: idtools.org
Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL. Photo: idtools.org
Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL. Photo: idtools.org
Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL. Photo: idtools.org
Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL. Photo: idtools.org
Photo: studyblue.com
Photo: studyblue.com
Photo: palmco.com
Photo: deanlevin.info
Photo: lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au
Newtown, Sarasota, Florida. Almost dwarfed. Photo by Kyle Wicomb.
Newtown, Sarasota, Florida. Almost dwarfed. Photo by Kyle Wicomb.
Lower slopes of Mt. Mabu, Mozambique, Africa. 18 May 2010. Photo by Dr. David Gwynne-Evans.
Zambia. Zambian side of Victoria Falls: within the spray zone of the Falls over the knife edge bridge about 50 m on left. Elev. 890 metres. Photo by Dr. Helen Pickering. 20 Apr 2008.
Senegal. 2009. Photo by Haplochromis
Northern New Zealand. A young plant of the Australian banyan-type fig Ficus macrophylla, Moreton Bay Fig, has started life as a precarious epiphyte on a near-horizontal trunk of a clumping Phoenix reclinata palm, in Albert Park, Auckland, New Zealand. Photo by Kahuroa
Photo: Hawaiian Tropical Botanic Garden.
Photo by: Dennis Valdez Dale Motiska Garden, Vacaville, CA.
Photo by: Hugh Danaher Ed and Janet Noffsinger Garden Santa Cruz, CA.
Photo: fuerteventuragarden.com
Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden in Miami, Florida. Photo by Paul Craft.
Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden in Miami, Florida. Photo by Paul Craft.
Huntington Botanical Garden in Los Angeles, California. Photo by Paul Craft.
Los Angeles, California. Photo by Paul Craft.
Tanzania, Rukwa, Sumbawanga, Mtimbwa-Sintali. Photo: Dr. Robert v. Blittersdorff - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Tanzania, Rukwa, Sumbawanga, Mtimbwa-Sintali. Photo: Dr. Robert v. Blittersdorff - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Tanzania, Rukwa, Sumbawanga, Mtimbwa-Sintali. Photo: Dr. Robert v. Blittersdorff - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Tanzania, Arusha National Park, Momella Swamps. Photo: Dr. Rolf Kamphausen - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Côte d'Ivoire, Lamto. Photo by Dr. Stefan Porembski - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Burkina Faso, Houet, Koundougou, F.Cl. de Téré. Photo by Dr. Marco Schmidt - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Burkina Faso, Houet, Koundougou, F.Cl. de Téré. Photo by Dr. Marco Schmidt - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Burkina Faso, Houet, Koundougou, F.Cl. de Téré. Photo by Dr. Marco Schmidt - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Senegal. Photo by Dr. Marco Schmidt - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Burkina Faso. Photo by Dr. Stefan Dressler - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Burkina Faso. Photo by Dr. Stefan Dressler - westafricanplants.senckenberg.de
Skukuza Nursery Boardwalk, Skukuza, Kruger NP, SOUTH AFRICA. Photo by Bernard DUPONT
Skukuza Nursery Boardwalk, Skukuza, Kruger NP, SOUTH AFRICA. Photo by Bernard DUPONT
South Sinai, Egypt. Photo by Erika Allegri.
Aia, Basque Country, Spain. Photo by Paco Garin.
Palmetum, Townsville, QLD, 21/10/14. Photo by Russell Cumming.
Mt Coot-Tha Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Australia. Photo by tanetahi
Mt Coot-Tha Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Australia. Photo by tanetahi
Cap Manambato, Madagascar. Photo by Christian Defferrard.
Cap Manambato, Madagascar. Photo by Christian Defferrard.
Phoenix reclinata, 23 years old (2006-09-15). Photo by Pal Meir.
Phoenix reclinata, seedlings almost 1 year old (1984-01-08) – N°84N01-0104. Photo by Pal Meir.
Serengeti National Park, river loop road, near Seronera Lodge, Tanzania. Photo by Nick Dean.
Manica Province, Mozambique. Photo by Dr. Stefaan Dondeyne.
West Byfleet, England, United Kingdom. RHS Wisley Glasshouse. Photo by Christopher Young.
West Byfleet, England, United Kingdom. RHS Wisley Glasshouse. Photo by Christopher Young.
West Byfleet, England, United Kingdom. RHS Wisley Glasshouse. Photo by Christopher Young.
West Byfleet, England, United Kingdom. RHS Wisley Glasshouse. Photo by Christopher Young.
Muxara (northern Mozambique). Growing next to a small stream. Photo by Ton Rulkens.
Belo, Cameroon, March 2014. Photo by Thomas Couvreur.
Menton, France (French Riviera).
West Africa. Photo: jacanaent.com
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Photo by Richard A. Howard/Smithsonian.
Notations by Research Work Editor Pal Meir. Photo by Pal Meir.
Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL. Photo: idtools.org
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Photo by Richard A. Howard/Smithsonian.
Image Text: Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden, October 2004. Photo by Dr. Alice Aubrey.
Image Text: Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden, October 2004. Photo by Dr. Alice Aubrey.
Image Text: colebrothers.com
Image Text: colebrothers.com
Image Text: colebrothers.com
Image Text: palmco.com
Image Text: idtools.org
Image Text: prota4u.org
Image Text: prota4u.org
Image Text: prota4u.org
Image Text: prota4u.org
Image Text: prota4u.org
Image Text: biodiversityexplorer.org
Image Text: biodiversityexplorer.org
Image Text: biodiversityexplorer.org
External Links
- Glossary of Palm Terms
- MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN
- "Just To Be Clear"
- http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=14&id=1251
- http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/phoenixrec.htm
- http://www.colebrothers.com/garden/palm2.html
- https://youtu.be/EdWUk86xOVc
- http://hort.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/phoreca.pdf
- http://idtools.org/id/palms/palmid/factsheet.php?name=Phoenix+reclinata
- http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?p=Phoenix+reclinata
- http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/arecaceae/phoenix_reclinata.htm
- https://youtu.be/hQo2KISipwA
References
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.
Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.
Special thanks to Palmweb.org, Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.
Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).
S.C. Barrow, A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). A Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Kew Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1998), pp. 513-575.
Many Special Thanks to Ed Vaile for his long hours of tireless editing and numerous contributions.
