Butia noblickii

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Butia (boo-TEE-ah)
noblickii (no-blick'-ee)
Alejandro and Jose studying.JPG
Alejandro and Jose studying. Province Of Corrientes in Argentina. Photo by Jose A. Grassia.
Scientific Classification
Genus: Butia (boo-TEE-ah)
Species:
noblickii (no-blick'-ee)
Synonyms
None set.
Native Continent
America
America.gif
Morphology
Habit: Solitary
Leaf type: Pinnate
Culture
Survivability index
Common names
None.

Habitat and Distribution

This palm is an endemism of Mesopotamia in the northeast of Argentina, where it is distributed exclusively on a narrow strip of 100 km long composed by dunes and sandy fields near the Uruguay River,
Province Of Corrientes in Argentina. Photo by Jose A. Grassia.
in the southeast of the province of Corrientes, between the localities of Yapeyú (in the department San Martin) and Bonpland (in the department Paso de los Libres). It is generally present in the form of isolated individuals or in small groups; On the outskirts of the city of Paso de los LibresAre dense and focused populations forming palm groves in about 10 arenales, extending to the Campo General Ávalos in Bonpland. A small population is conserved in two arenales of the Tres Cerros reserve, of a surface of 770 ha., protected area that integrates Habitat Network of Reserves, and is property of the companies Forestal Argentina and MASISA.

Description

Butia noblickii Deble, Marchiori, Alves & Oliveira, Balduinia 35: 7 (2012). By Jose A Grassia (July 2017) Butia noblicki is intimately related to B yatay, even considered it as such until the year 2012 when Deble, L. P., Marchiori, J. N. C., Alves, F. S. and Silveira de Oliveira, A, described and recognized as a separate species, naming Butia noblicki in honor of the botanist Larry Noblick who at the time had mentioned that it could be a species other than B yatay. This species, endemic only to Argentina, occurs exclusively in a habitat restricted to a narrow coastal zone of the Uruguay River, in the east of the Corrientes Province, Argentina, from the vicinity of the town of Yapeyu at 29 ° 33 'S and 56 ° 56 'W and extending for about 100 km to the south, to the mouth of the Miriñay River at 30 ° 10' S and 57 ° 38 'W The habitat is characterized by isolated individuals palm tree, in an evident radiation, following the axis NE - SW and in the low hills of ocher sands, near the coast of the Uruguay River, they grouping forming "palmares" of some thousands of specimens The species grows preferentially in soils of normal relief, position of hills with slopes ranging between 1 to 2%. They are well drained, with medium to rapid runoff, with no danger of flooding. They have an ocher, dark reddish-brown and loamy-to-sandy texture and an argillic sub-horizon, red, argillic-loamy-sandy, strongly acid with iron-manganese concretions from the upper part. The effective depth exceeds 120 cm, with excellent physical conditions for water circulation and root penetration. They present moderate to severe susceptibility to water erosion The landscape is a plain dotted with low hills in the Uruguay River terrace, with high foldings and hydromorphic planes. The vegetation is modified by the agriculture and corresponds to the phytogeographic district of “campos y malezales”, with majority presence of Elyonorus sp.,Paspalum sp, both in the family Poaceae The dominant climate is subtropical humid and warm with annual average rainfall of about 1200 to 1400 mm. With respect to the native flora, dominates the open forest of xerophilous species where there is a single stratum, generally herbaceous. In the area of the marshes and wetlands grow high grasslands and reeds. The groves (called "mogotes") that dot the northern fields are composed of urunday (Astronium balansae), chichita (Lithraea molleoides), candorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia), molle (Schinus molle), espinillo (Acacia caven) and open "palmares" of Butia yatay, Copernicia alba, Syagrus romanzoffiana and Butia noblickii The palms in their natural habitat reach a height between 5 and 8 m at top in ancient specimens, with a trunk diameter of 37-40 cm to 1.25 m of the soil and the diameter of the base is 55-60 cm at Ground level. The trunk conserves the marcescents remains during a long time and usually loses them by the action of the fire and the age, conserving some remains of foliar bases and scars The plants have 25-30 useful leaves and the primordium. They are 1,80-2,30 m length, withpseudo petiole of 30-40 cm long x 4 cm wide until the beginning of the foliar base whose sheath reaches 45 cm in length and 9-20 cm in width. The rachis has a flat adaxial profile and with prominent abaxial keel, is fully arched and has lignified fibers in both margins of the pseudo petiole. The leaflets are flexible, reduplicated and inserted into the rachis in two well-defined V planes, in the proximal zone, the pinnas are grouped from 3 to 5 in both margins, then they are arranged parallel, reaching between 50 and 60 leaflets per margin.

The pinnae in the center of the leaf reach 68-75 cm long by 1.8-2.2 cm wide in the center of the leaflet. Are discolor, light green adaxialy and greyish green with waxy indument on the underside. It has prominent central rib through the upper face and is sunken in the underside. The spatha are interfoliar and can be found at 3 -5 per palm in the month of July season in which inflorescences begin. They are green when immature and tinted purple at the opening, oblong-lanceolate, measuring 65-70 cm long and 8-10 cm in diameter in their expanded part, formed by a single thin papyraceus leaf, 1.5-2 mm thick, smooth on the outside and slightly furrowed by Inside, finished in a blunt pick of 1.5-2 cm in length. The inflorescence presents 65-75 rachillas, 28-30 cm long the basal and 7-9 cm distal, supported throughout the whole by a peduncle of 2-3 cm in diameter, cylindrical-terete and 20-25 cm long, extended up a terminal rachilla. The yellow flowers are located in triads, preferably the female ones in the proximal part and the male ones in the distal of each rachilla The fruits are yellow-orange, widely ovate-turbinate, 3.5-4 cm in length and 2.5-3 cm in diameter, covered by the scales of the perianth in the proximal third. Mesocarp succulent, slightly fibrous, Endocarp bone, elliptical, bicuspid, 18-25 mm long 9-14 mm diameter, with one or two embryos in separate chambers. (Butia noblickii Deble, Marchiori, Alves & Oliveira, Balduinia 35: 7 (2012). By Jose A Grassia July 2017)

Its existence went unnoticed until the second decade of the twenty-first century, due to its similarity in appearance to the species Correntosan Butia paraguayensis and Butia yatay; The revision of the standard model of the latter allowed to recognize it as a new species.

It is characterized by particularities in the size and shape of female flowers; Also by the peduncular bracts of woody-papyraceous consistency, which have a thickness of 1.8 to 2 mm. From the Brazilian Butia quaraimana, it is separated by the woody spathe-papyracea, by the size of, the size and shape of the pinnate leaves, and by the height of the trunk. Other differences are found in female flowers, which are smaller, with a long ovadoturbine shape, as well as the smaller number of cracks in the inflorescence. Editing by edric.

Culture

Cold Hardiness Zone: 9b

Comments and Curiosities

Etymology: The generic name Butia comes from the vernacular name given in Brazil to members of this genus. The specific name noblickii honors the surname of the American botanist (specialist in Arecaceae) Larry Noblick, for having recognized that a Corrente exsiccata probably contained a species not yet described, which would prove to be this species.

This species was originally described in the year 2012 by the botanists Deble, JNCMarchiori, FSAlves and ASOliveira.

It belongs to the same group of species that integrates Butia yatay, because of having relatively large female flowers, and having an endocarp longer than it's width.

It is a charismatic and endangered palm, endemic to a small subtropical sector of Argentina.

Conservation: The populations of this palm are affected by the agricultural development of their habitat, especially by the intensive cultivation of watermelons, the production of cattle and by the forestry activity with pines and eucalyptus, which marks a trend of gradual population decline. Of the 10 arenales that have palmares of this species, 3 were in 2013 prepared to be cultivated. According to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria, this species should be classified in the category of: 'Endangered'.

One of the most important populations of this palm, which would contain an estimated 20,000 specimens, is located on the coast of the Uruguay River belonging to the cattle ranch "Virápita" in Bonpland and owned by the joint stock company Emprendimientos Don Nicolás SA. The Habitat and Development Foundation contacted the managers of this agricultural company to inform them about the uniqueness of the site and the importance of preserving it.

Contribución acerca de la Biología y Descripción de Butia noblickiiDeble, Marchiori, Alves & Oliveira, Balduinia 35: 7 (2012). José A Grassia Julio 2017 Área de estudio: Paso de los Libres, Corrientes, Argentina Butia noblicki esta íntimamente relacionada con B yatay, incluso se la considero como tal hasta el año 2012 en que Deble, L. P., Marchiori, J. N. C., Alves, F. S. & Silveira de Oliveira, A, la describen y reconocen como especie separada, nombrándola Butia noblicki en honor del botánico Larry Noblick quien en su momento había mencionado que podría tratarse de una especie distinta a B yatay. Esta especie, endémica solo para Argentina, ocurre exclusivamente en una hábitat restringido a una estrecha zona costera del Río Uruguay, en el este de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina, desde las cercanías de la localidad de Yapeyu a 29°33’ S y 56°56’ W extendiéndose por unos 100 Km hacia el sur hasta la desembocadura del Rio Miriñay a 30°10’ S y 57°38’ W. (Mapa 1) El hábitat se caracteriza por encontrarse individuos aislados, en una evidente radiación, siguiendo el eje NE – SW y en las colinas bajas de arenas ocres cercanas a la costa del Rio Uruguay se agrupan formando palmares de algunos miles de ejemplares. La especie crece preferentemente en los suelos de relieve normal, posición de lomas con pendientes que oscilan entre 1 a 2%. Son bien drenados, con escurrimiento medio a rápido, sin peligro de anegamiento. Presentan un horizonte ócrico, pardo rojizo oscuro y de textura franco a franco-arenosa y un sub-horizonte argílico, de color rojo, franco-arcillo-arenoso, fuertemente ácido con concreciones de hierro-manganeso desde su parte superior. La profundidad efectiva supera los 120 cm., con excelentes condiciones físicas para la circulación del agua y penetración de las raíces. Presentan moderada a severa susceptibilidad a la erosión hídrica El paisaje es una planicie salpicada de colinas bajas en la terraza del río Uruguay, con albardones y planos hidromórficos. La vegetación está modificada por la agricultura y se corresponde con el distrito fitogeográfico de campos y malezales, con presencia mayoritaria de Elyonorus sp., Paspalum sp de la familia Poaceae El clima dominante es subtropical húmedo y cálido con precipitaciones medias anuales que van de 1200 a 1400 mm. La temperatura mínima absoluta registrada llego a -4,3°C y la absoluta máxima a los 43°C. (datos suministrados por el SMN) En cuanto a la flora nativa, domina el bosque de especies xerófilas abiertas donde existe un solo estrato generalmente herbáceo.. En la zona de los esteros y bañados aparecen pajonales, juncales y carrizales. Los mogotes que salpican los campos del norte se componen de urunday (Astronium balansae) , chichita (Lithraea molleoides) , candorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia), molle (Schinus molle), espinillo (Acacia caven) y palmares ralos de Butia yatay, Copernicia alba, Syagrus romanzoffiana y Butia noblickii, según sea la zona.

Butia noblickii en su hábitat natural alcanza una altura entre 5 y 8 m a punta de hoja en ejemplares longevos, con un diámetro de tronco de 37-39,5 cm a 1,25 m del suelo y el diámetro de la base varia entre 55 y 57 cm a nivel del suelo. El tronco conserva los restos marcescentes durante largo tiempo y por lo general los pierde por acción del fuego y la edad, conservando restos y cicatrices foliares. Las plantas presentan 25-30 hojas útiles contemporáneas y el primordio. Tienen longitud de 1,80-2,30 m, seudo pecíolo de 30-40 cm largo x 4 cm ancho hasta el comienzo de la base foliar cuya vaina alcanza los 40-45 cm de largo y 9-20 cm de ancho. El raquis tiene perfil adaxial plano, con quilla abaxial prominente, es arqueado en su totalidad y presenta fibras lignificadas en ambos márgenes del seudo peciolo. Los foliolos son flexibles, reduplicados y se insertan en el raquis en dos planos en V bien definidos, en la zona proximal las pinnas se agrupan en ramilletes de 3 a 5 en ambos márgenes, luego se ordenan paralelas, llegando a tener entre 50 y 60 foliolos por margen. Las pinnas en el centro de la lámina alcanzan los 68-75 cm de largo por 1,8-2,2 cm de ancho en el centro del foliolo. Presenta nervadura central prominente por el haz y hundida en el envés. Es discolor, verde claro por el haz, y verde grisáceo con indumento ceroso por el envés.Las espatas son interfoliares y se las puede encontrar de a 3 -5 por palma en el mes de julio, temporada en la que comienzan a emerger las inflorescencias. Las espatas, oblongo-lanceoladas, miden 65-70 cm de longitud y 8-10 cm de diámetro en su parte expandida, formada por una sola lámina papiracea, delgada, de 1,5-2 mm de espesor, lisa por fuera y levemente surcada por dentro, color verde cuando inmadura y teñida de púrpura a la apertura, terminada en una púa roma de 1,5-2 cm de longitud. La inflorescencia presenta 65-75 raquillas de 28-30 cm de largo las basales y entre 7-9 cm las distales, soportado todo el conjunto por un pedúnculo de 2-3 cm diámetro cilíndrico-terete y 20-25 cm de longitud prolongado hasta una raquilla terminal. Las flores color amarillo se ubican en triadas, preferentemente las femeninas en la parte proximal y las masculinas en la distal de cada raquilla. Los frutos son amarillos-anaranjados, ampliamente ovado-turbinados, con 3,5-4 cm de longitud y 2,5-3 cm de diámetro cubierto por las escamas del perianto en el tercio proximal. Mesocarpo suculento poco fibroso, Endocarpo óseo, elíptico, bicuspidado, 18-25 mm de largo 9-14 mm diámetro, con uno o dos embriones en cámaras separadas.Se pudo observar que pese a los incendios y el ramoneo de vacunos y equinos, la especie se multiplica satisfactoriamente. Sin embargo, mayores acciones de conservación deben efectuarse a los fines de asegurar la conservación de una especie con población tan reducida como esta. (Contribución acerca de la Biología y Descripción de Butia noblickiiDeble, Marchiori, Alves & Oliveira, Balduinia 35: 7 (2012). José A Grassia Julio 2017)



External Links

References

Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to Palmweb.org, Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Deble, LP; Marchiori, JNC, Alves, FS & Silveira de Oliveira, A. (2012). «The type of Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc. And description of a new species of the genus »[ Butia yatay type (Mart.) Becc. And the description of a new species of the genus]. Balduinia (in Portuguese) (35): 1-18.

Butia noblickii Deble, Marchiori, Alves & Oliveira, Balduinia 35: 7 (2012). By Jose A Grassia (July 2017)

Contribución acerca de la Biología y Descripción de Butia noblickiiDeble, Marchiori, Alves & Oliveira, Balduinia 35: 7 (2012). José A Grassia Julio 2017


Many Special Thanks to Ed Vaile for his long hours of tireless editing and numerous contributions.

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